nervous system- The nervous system is the part of an animal's body that coordinates its voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of its body.
neurons- A neuron is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.
cell body- The portion of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus but does not incorporate the dendrites or axon.
central nervous system (CNS)- The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
peripheral nervous system (PNS)- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord.
nerves- Receptors for the nervous systems
ganglia- is a nerve cell cluster or a group of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system.
sensory input- The conduction of signals from sensory receptors to processing centers in the central nervous system.
integration- The analysis and interpretation of sensory signals within neural processing centers of the central nervous system.
motor output- The conduction of signals from a processing center in the central nervous system to effector cells.
effector cells- (1) A muscle or gland cell that performs the body’s response to stimuli, responding to signals from the brain or other processing center of the nervous system. (2) A lymphocyte that has undergone clonal selection and is capable of mediating an acquired immune response.
sensory neurons- A nerve cell that receives information from sensory receptors and conveys signals into the central nervous system.
interneurons- A nerve cell, located entirely within the central nervous system, that integrates sensory signals and relays signals to other interneurons and to motor neurons.
motor neurons- A nerve cell that conveys command signals from the central nervous system to effector cells, such as muscle cells or gland cells.
reflexes- An automatic reaction to a stimulus, mediated by the spinal cord or lower brain.
dendrites- A neuron fiber that conveys signals from its inward, toward the rest of the neuron. A neuron typically has many short dendrites.
axon- A neuron extension that conducts signals to another neuron or to an effector cell. A neuron has one long axon.
synaptic terminal- The tip of a transmitting neuron's axon, where signals are sent to another neuron or to an effector cell.
synapse- A junction between two neurons, or between a neuron and an effector cell. Electrical or chemical signals are related from one cell to another at a synapse.
glia- A network of supporting cells that is essential for the structural integrity and for the normal functioning of the nervous system.
myelin sheath- A series of cells, each wound around, and thus insulating, the axon of a nerve cell in vertebrates. Each pair of cells in the sheath is separated by a space called a node of Ranvier.
nodes of Ranvier- an unmyelinated region on a myelinated axon of a nerve cell, where nerve signals are regenerated
membrane potential- The charge difference between a cell's cytoplasm and extracellular fluid die to the differential distribution of ions.
resting potential- The voltage across the plasma membrane of a resting neuron, The resting potential in a vertebrate neuron is typically around -70 millivolts, with the inside of the cell negatively charged relative to the outside.
sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pumps- A membrane protein that transports sodium ions out of, and potassium ions into, a cell against their concentration gradients. The process is powered by ATP.
stimulus- (1) In the context of a nervous system, any factor that causes a nerve signal to be generated. (2) In behavioral biology, an environmental cue that triggers a specific response.
action potential- A change in membrane voltage that transmits a nerve signal along an axon.
synaptic cleft- In a chemical synapse, a narrow gap separating the synaptic terminal of a transmitting neuron from a receiving neuron or an effector cell.
neurotransmitter- A chemical messenger that carries information from a transmitting neuron to a receiving cell, either another neuron or an effector cell.
synaptic vesicles- A membrane-enclosed sac containing neurotransmitter molecules at the tip of the sending neuron’s axon.
acetylcholine- A nitrogen-contained neurotransmitter. AMong other effects, it slows the heart rate and makes skeletal muscles contract.
cephalization- An evolutionary trend toward concentration of the nervous system at the head end.
centralization- The presence of a central nervous system (CNS) distinct from a peripheral nervous system.
nerve cords- An elongated bundle of neurons, usually extending longitudinally from the brain or anterior ganglia. One or more nerve cords and the brain make up the central nervous system in many animals.
spinal cord- A bundle of nervous tissue that runs lengthwise inside the spine in vertebrates and integrates simple responses to certain stimuli.
brain- The master control center of the nervous system, involved in regulating and controlling body activity and interpreting information from the senses transmitted through the nervous system.
blood-brain barrier- A system of capillaries in the brain that restricts passage of most substances into the brain, thereby preventing large fluctuations in the brain’s environment.
cerebrospinal fluid- Blood-derived fluid that surrounds, nourishes, and cushions the brain and spinal cord.
ventricles- (1) A heart chamber that pumps blood out of the heart. (2) A space in the vertebrate brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
central canal- The narrow cavity in the center of the spinal cord that is continuous with the fluid filled ventricles of the brain.
meninges- Layers of connective tissue that enwrap and protect the brain and spinal cord.
white matter- White matter is a component of the central nervous system, in the brain and superficial spinal cord, and consists mostly of glial cells and myelinated axons that transmit signals from one region of the cerebrum to another and between the cerebrum and lower brain centers.
gray matter- Grey matter (or gray matter) is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and myelinated as well as unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astroglia and oligodendrocytes), synapses, and capillaries.
motor system- The motor system is the part of the central nervous system that is involved with movement. It consists of the pyramidal and extrapyramidal system.
autonomic nervous system- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a division of the peripheral nervous system that influences the function of internal organs.[1] The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response.
parasympathetic division- The parasympathetic system is responsible for stimulation of "rest-and-digest" or "feed and breed" activities that occur when the body is at rest, especially after eating, including sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation (tears), urination, digestion and defecation.
sympathetic division- The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the other being the parasympathetic nervous system.
enteric division- The enteric nervous system (ENS) or intrinsic nervous system is one of the main divisions of the nervous system and consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal system. It is now usually referred to as separate from the autonomic nervous system since it has its own independent reflex activity.
forebrain- It controls body temperature, reproductive functions, eating, sleeping, and any display of emotions.
midbrain- The midbrain or mesencephalon is a portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.
hindbrain- The rhombencephalon or hindbrain is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates.
cerebral cortex- The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum (brain) outer layer of neural tissue in humans and other mammals. It is divided into two cortices, along the sagittal plane: the left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure.
brainstem- In the anatomy of humans and of many other vertebrates, the brain stem (or brain stem) is the posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord. In humans it is usually described as including the medulla oblongata (myelencephalon), pons (part of metencephalon), and midbrain (mesencephalon).
medulla oblongata- The medulla oblongata (or medulla) is the part of the brainstem that is situated between the pons and the spinal cord. The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and therefore deals with the autonomic (involuntary) functions of breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.
pons- The pons is part of the brainstem, and in humans and other bipeds lies between the midbrain (above) and the medulla oblongata (below) and in front of the cerebellum.
thalamus- An integrating and relay center of the vertebrate forebrain; sorts and relays selected information to specific areas in the cerebral cortex.
biological clock- An internal timekeeper that controls an organism’s biological rhythms, marking time with or without environmental cues but often requiring signals from the environment to remain tuned to an appropriate period.
circadian rhythms- In an organism, a biological cycle of about 24 hours that is controlled by a biological clock, usually under the influence of environmental cues; a pattern of activity that is repeated daily.
cerebral hemispheres- The right of left half of the vertebrate cerebrum.
corpus callosum- The thick band of nerve fibers that connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres in placental mammals, enabling the hemispheres to process information together.
basal nuclei- Clusters in nerve cell bodies located deep within the cerebrum that are important in motor coordination.
cerebellum- Part of the vertebrate hindbrain, mainly a planning center that interacts closely with the cerebrum in coordinating body movement.
limbic system- A functional unit of several integrating and relay centers located deep in the human forebrain; interacts with the cerebral cortex in creating emotions and storing memories.
memory- The ability to store and retrieve information.
hippocampus- An integrative center of the cerebrum; functionally, the part of the limbic system that plays a central role in the formation of memories and their recall.
amygdala- An integrative center of the cerebrum; functionally the part of the limbic system that seems central in recognizing the emotional content of facial expressions and laying down emotional memories.
short-term memory- The ability to hold information, anticipations, or goals for a time and then release them if they become irrelevant.
long-term memory- The ability to hold, associate, and recall information over one’s lifetime.
(skip 28.9-28.10, 28.16-28.18)
(pick up again 28.11, 28.20)
pg. 577
Chapter 29 The Senses:
29.3 and 29.7(595)
ear diagram
eye diagram
inner ear- One of the three main region of the vertebrate ear; includes the cochlea, organ of Corti, and semicircular canals.
taste (gustatory) chemoreceptor
smell (olfactory) chemoreceptor
hear (autotary) mechanoreceptor
sight (optical sense) photoreceptor
thermoreceptors- A sensory receptor that detects heat of cold.
mechanoreceptor- A sensory receptor that detects changes in the environment associated with pressure, touch, stretch, motion, or sound.
stretch receptors- A type of mechanoreceptor sensitive to changes in muscle length; detects the position of body parts.
hair cells- A type of mechanoreceptor that detects sound waves and other forms of movement in air or water.
pain receptors- A sensory receptor that detects pain.
chemoreceptors- A sensory receptor that detects chemical changes within the body or a specific kind of molecule in the external environment.
electroreceptors- A sensory receptor that detects energy of different wavelengths, such as electricity, magnetism, and light.
photoreceptors- A type of electromagnetic sensory receptor that detects light.
outer ear- One of the three main regions of the ear in reptiles and mammals; made up of the auditory canal and, in many birds and mammals, the pinna.
pinna- The flap-like part of the outer-ear, projecting from the body surface of many birds and mammals; collects sound waves and channels them to the auditory canal.
auditory canal- Part of the vertebrate outer ear that channels sound waves from the pinna or outer body surface to the eardrum.
eardrum- A sheet of connective tissue separating the outer ear from the middle ear that vibrates when stimulated by sound waves and passes the waves to the middle ear.
middle ear- One of three main regions of the vertebrate ear; a chamber containing three small bones) the hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that convey vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window.
External
neurons- A neuron is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.
cell body- The portion of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus but does not incorporate the dendrites or axon.
central nervous system (CNS)- The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
peripheral nervous system (PNS)- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord.
nerves- Receptors for the nervous systems
ganglia- is a nerve cell cluster or a group of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system.
sensory input- The conduction of signals from sensory receptors to processing centers in the central nervous system.
integration- The analysis and interpretation of sensory signals within neural processing centers of the central nervous system.
motor output- The conduction of signals from a processing center in the central nervous system to effector cells.
effector cells- (1) A muscle or gland cell that performs the body’s response to stimuli, responding to signals from the brain or other processing center of the nervous system. (2) A lymphocyte that has undergone clonal selection and is capable of mediating an acquired immune response.
sensory neurons- A nerve cell that receives information from sensory receptors and conveys signals into the central nervous system.
interneurons- A nerve cell, located entirely within the central nervous system, that integrates sensory signals and relays signals to other interneurons and to motor neurons.
motor neurons- A nerve cell that conveys command signals from the central nervous system to effector cells, such as muscle cells or gland cells.
reflexes- An automatic reaction to a stimulus, mediated by the spinal cord or lower brain.
dendrites- A neuron fiber that conveys signals from its inward, toward the rest of the neuron. A neuron typically has many short dendrites.
axon- A neuron extension that conducts signals to another neuron or to an effector cell. A neuron has one long axon.
synaptic terminal- The tip of a transmitting neuron's axon, where signals are sent to another neuron or to an effector cell.
synapse- A junction between two neurons, or between a neuron and an effector cell. Electrical or chemical signals are related from one cell to another at a synapse.
glia- A network of supporting cells that is essential for the structural integrity and for the normal functioning of the nervous system.
myelin sheath- A series of cells, each wound around, and thus insulating, the axon of a nerve cell in vertebrates. Each pair of cells in the sheath is separated by a space called a node of Ranvier.
nodes of Ranvier- an unmyelinated region on a myelinated axon of a nerve cell, where nerve signals are regenerated
membrane potential- The charge difference between a cell's cytoplasm and extracellular fluid die to the differential distribution of ions.
resting potential- The voltage across the plasma membrane of a resting neuron, The resting potential in a vertebrate neuron is typically around -70 millivolts, with the inside of the cell negatively charged relative to the outside.
sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pumps- A membrane protein that transports sodium ions out of, and potassium ions into, a cell against their concentration gradients. The process is powered by ATP.
stimulus- (1) In the context of a nervous system, any factor that causes a nerve signal to be generated. (2) In behavioral biology, an environmental cue that triggers a specific response.
action potential- A change in membrane voltage that transmits a nerve signal along an axon.
synaptic cleft- In a chemical synapse, a narrow gap separating the synaptic terminal of a transmitting neuron from a receiving neuron or an effector cell.
neurotransmitter- A chemical messenger that carries information from a transmitting neuron to a receiving cell, either another neuron or an effector cell.
synaptic vesicles- A membrane-enclosed sac containing neurotransmitter molecules at the tip of the sending neuron’s axon.
acetylcholine- A nitrogen-contained neurotransmitter. AMong other effects, it slows the heart rate and makes skeletal muscles contract.
cephalization- An evolutionary trend toward concentration of the nervous system at the head end.
centralization- The presence of a central nervous system (CNS) distinct from a peripheral nervous system.
nerve cords- An elongated bundle of neurons, usually extending longitudinally from the brain or anterior ganglia. One or more nerve cords and the brain make up the central nervous system in many animals.
spinal cord- A bundle of nervous tissue that runs lengthwise inside the spine in vertebrates and integrates simple responses to certain stimuli.
brain- The master control center of the nervous system, involved in regulating and controlling body activity and interpreting information from the senses transmitted through the nervous system.
blood-brain barrier- A system of capillaries in the brain that restricts passage of most substances into the brain, thereby preventing large fluctuations in the brain’s environment.
cerebrospinal fluid- Blood-derived fluid that surrounds, nourishes, and cushions the brain and spinal cord.
ventricles- (1) A heart chamber that pumps blood out of the heart. (2) A space in the vertebrate brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
central canal- The narrow cavity in the center of the spinal cord that is continuous with the fluid filled ventricles of the brain.
meninges- Layers of connective tissue that enwrap and protect the brain and spinal cord.
white matter- White matter is a component of the central nervous system, in the brain and superficial spinal cord, and consists mostly of glial cells and myelinated axons that transmit signals from one region of the cerebrum to another and between the cerebrum and lower brain centers.
gray matter- Grey matter (or gray matter) is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and myelinated as well as unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astroglia and oligodendrocytes), synapses, and capillaries.
motor system- The motor system is the part of the central nervous system that is involved with movement. It consists of the pyramidal and extrapyramidal system.
autonomic nervous system- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a division of the peripheral nervous system that influences the function of internal organs.[1] The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response.
parasympathetic division- The parasympathetic system is responsible for stimulation of "rest-and-digest" or "feed and breed" activities that occur when the body is at rest, especially after eating, including sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation (tears), urination, digestion and defecation.
sympathetic division- The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the other being the parasympathetic nervous system.
enteric division- The enteric nervous system (ENS) or intrinsic nervous system is one of the main divisions of the nervous system and consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal system. It is now usually referred to as separate from the autonomic nervous system since it has its own independent reflex activity.
forebrain- It controls body temperature, reproductive functions, eating, sleeping, and any display of emotions.
midbrain- The midbrain or mesencephalon is a portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.
hindbrain- The rhombencephalon or hindbrain is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates.
cerebral cortex- The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum (brain) outer layer of neural tissue in humans and other mammals. It is divided into two cortices, along the sagittal plane: the left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure.
brainstem- In the anatomy of humans and of many other vertebrates, the brain stem (or brain stem) is the posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord. In humans it is usually described as including the medulla oblongata (myelencephalon), pons (part of metencephalon), and midbrain (mesencephalon).
medulla oblongata- The medulla oblongata (or medulla) is the part of the brainstem that is situated between the pons and the spinal cord. The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and therefore deals with the autonomic (involuntary) functions of breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.
pons- The pons is part of the brainstem, and in humans and other bipeds lies between the midbrain (above) and the medulla oblongata (below) and in front of the cerebellum.
thalamus- An integrating and relay center of the vertebrate forebrain; sorts and relays selected information to specific areas in the cerebral cortex.
biological clock- An internal timekeeper that controls an organism’s biological rhythms, marking time with or without environmental cues but often requiring signals from the environment to remain tuned to an appropriate period.
circadian rhythms- In an organism, a biological cycle of about 24 hours that is controlled by a biological clock, usually under the influence of environmental cues; a pattern of activity that is repeated daily.
cerebral hemispheres- The right of left half of the vertebrate cerebrum.
corpus callosum- The thick band of nerve fibers that connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres in placental mammals, enabling the hemispheres to process information together.
basal nuclei- Clusters in nerve cell bodies located deep within the cerebrum that are important in motor coordination.
cerebellum- Part of the vertebrate hindbrain, mainly a planning center that interacts closely with the cerebrum in coordinating body movement.
limbic system- A functional unit of several integrating and relay centers located deep in the human forebrain; interacts with the cerebral cortex in creating emotions and storing memories.
memory- The ability to store and retrieve information.
hippocampus- An integrative center of the cerebrum; functionally, the part of the limbic system that plays a central role in the formation of memories and their recall.
amygdala- An integrative center of the cerebrum; functionally the part of the limbic system that seems central in recognizing the emotional content of facial expressions and laying down emotional memories.
short-term memory- The ability to hold information, anticipations, or goals for a time and then release them if they become irrelevant.
long-term memory- The ability to hold, associate, and recall information over one’s lifetime.
(skip 28.9-28.10, 28.16-28.18)
(pick up again 28.11, 28.20)
pg. 577
Chapter 29 The Senses:
29.3 and 29.7(595)
ear diagram
eye diagram
inner ear- One of the three main region of the vertebrate ear; includes the cochlea, organ of Corti, and semicircular canals.
taste (gustatory) chemoreceptor
smell (olfactory) chemoreceptor
hear (autotary) mechanoreceptor
sight (optical sense) photoreceptor
thermoreceptors- A sensory receptor that detects heat of cold.
mechanoreceptor- A sensory receptor that detects changes in the environment associated with pressure, touch, stretch, motion, or sound.
stretch receptors- A type of mechanoreceptor sensitive to changes in muscle length; detects the position of body parts.
hair cells- A type of mechanoreceptor that detects sound waves and other forms of movement in air or water.
pain receptors- A sensory receptor that detects pain.
chemoreceptors- A sensory receptor that detects chemical changes within the body or a specific kind of molecule in the external environment.
electroreceptors- A sensory receptor that detects energy of different wavelengths, such as electricity, magnetism, and light.
photoreceptors- A type of electromagnetic sensory receptor that detects light.
outer ear- One of the three main regions of the ear in reptiles and mammals; made up of the auditory canal and, in many birds and mammals, the pinna.
pinna- The flap-like part of the outer-ear, projecting from the body surface of many birds and mammals; collects sound waves and channels them to the auditory canal.
auditory canal- Part of the vertebrate outer ear that channels sound waves from the pinna or outer body surface to the eardrum.
eardrum- A sheet of connective tissue separating the outer ear from the middle ear that vibrates when stimulated by sound waves and passes the waves to the middle ear.
middle ear- One of three main regions of the vertebrate ear; a chamber containing three small bones) the hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that convey vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window.
External
- male
- screenshot
- you can feel your own soft and hard palates. yes pig has teeth. humans are not born with teeth
- 30cm- birth
- 4 and even
- born with eyes shut and don't seem developed