- Lipids: hydrophobic, meaning they don’t dissolve in water or anything else
- Good structural, insulation, transport and storage macromolecules
- Nucleic Acids:
- Monomers are nucleotides
- They have genes
- Polymers are polynucleotides
- Proteins: single monomer is monopeptide or amino acid
- Polypeptide is the polymer
- Carbohydrates:
- Monosaccharides are the monomer
- Disaccharides are the dissomer
- Polysaccharides are the polymer
- Glycogen are polysaccharides of storage for animals
- Starch are polysaccharides of storage for plants
four organic compounds all contain carbon
Benedicts recognizes more complex sugars
Monomer - building block, simplest version of an organic compound - go through dehydration synthesis (or condensation reactions, same thing)
hydrolysis - water dissolving in chemical reaction
Process for making big molecules into smaller molecules is polymerization
Polymers can be broken down into their monomer components through hydrolysis
All carbohydrates have carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Carbohydrates are composed of many monosaccharide (monomers) chemically combined through dehydration synthesis into polysaccharides (polymers)
Glucose is made by plants and is the most common monosaccharide
Serve as energy sources for plants, animals and other organisms. Converted into ATP
Monomers - glucose & fructose
Dimers - maltose & sucrose
Polymers - starch in plants, cellulose, and glycogen
saccharide & gli point you to sugar/carbohydrates
Cell membranes, estrogen, testosterone all have phospholipids
Saturated fatty acids usually come from animal sources and are solid at room temperature. (meats are high in saturated fat)
Unsaturated fatty acids usually come from plant sources and are liquid at room temperature.
There’s not one monomer for the huge group of fatty acids
*Most of our hormones are steroids
Proteins are composed of amino acids (a.a.). We acquire a.a. by consuming meat, fowl, fish, dairy, eggs, legumes and nuts.
Amino acids are the monomers that are dehydrated to form polypeptides or protein
Nucleotides are the monomers for nucleic acids
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
- Carbon:
- 6 protons
- 6 neutrons
- 6 electrons
- Has 4 electrons in its outermost shell
- Will form up to 4 covalent bonds
Hydrocarbons: molecules composed of only Carbon and Hydrogen atoms
A Protein Structure Determines Its Function
Primary Structure: determined by amino acid (monomer) sequence (letters on page)
Secondary Structure: determined by Hydrogen bonding, (a helix or β sheet)
Tertiary Structure: polypeptide (polymer) folding due to covalent and ionic bonds (overall shape due to bonding)
Quaternary Structure: two or more polypeptides (polymers) chemically combined
*hemoglobin has four structures
cyto = cell
cytoplasm - anything inside the cell membrane
cytosis - cell transport
endo = inside, exo = outside
endocytosis: phag (eating), peno (taking in small amounts)
exocytosis:
facilitated diffusion - “gates,” only certain things can pass through - cell doesn’t have to expend any energy
active transport - cell uses ATP (ex: ion pump, cytosis)
passive transport - diffusion, osmosis or facilitated
enzymes are proteins, and they’re responsible for catalyst reactions